Efficacy Of Dynamic Splinting Health And Social Care Essay

The process has proven to both dependable and lasting. A successful entire articulatio genus replacing allows patient to restart about all activities of day-to-day populating with minimum trouble. In most instances patients no longer necessitate external AIDSs or chronic medicines. Finally entire articulatio genus replacing helps patients to keep their overall ego regard. Entire articulatio genus replacing is indicated when there is unremitting terrible hurting in the articulatio genus with or without malformation. The pain/ malformation may be due to osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis and assorted non specific arthritis. It relieves hurting, provides mobility and right malformation. Entire articulatio genus replacing is a surgical process in which injured or damaged parts of the articulatio genus articulation are replaced with unreal parts. The process is performed by seperating the musculuss and ligaments around the articulatio genus to expose the articulatio genus capsule. The articulatio genus capsule is opened, exposed the interior of the joint. The terminal of the thighbone and tibial are removed. The unreal parts are cemented into topographic point. The articulatio genus will dwell of metal shell at the terminal of the thighbone, a metal and plastic trough on the shinbone and if needed a fictile button in the cap. In a manner this could be more suitably called a Knee resurfacing operation.The common pathology for entire knee replacing is knee flexure contracture.Definition:Flexure contracture is defined as the shortening of the connective tissue thereby stiffening the joint. It is due to fastening of the posterior capsule combined with the tightening of bi ceps femoris and indirect ligaments. Hence rehabilitation plan should be undertaken shortly after TKA to keep joint scope of gesture. In peculiar this survey examined the value of dynamic splinting in increasing scope of gesture and cut downing the flexure contracture. Dynamic splinting utilizes the biomechanical version of maintaining the articulation at end-range to accomplish a physiological alteration of molecular realignment to stretch the connective tissue. This protocol of low-load, prolonged-duration stretch with dynamic tenseness continually reduces the contracture.ANATOMY OF KNEE JOINT:The articulatio genus articulation is the largest and most complex articulation in the organic structure. It is synovial modified flexible joint articulation. It is formed by merger and median tibio- femoral and patella- femoral articulation.ARTICULAR Surfaces:It is comprised the Femoral condyles: distal terminal of thighbone Tibial condyles: proximal terminal of shinbone. Patellar facetes: posterior surface of kneecap.Femoral condyles:The articular surfaces of thighbone are block shaped. The femoral condyles are convex in both planes. They are extended interiorly by the block shaped patellar surfaces. The cervix of the block is represented anteriorly by the cardinal channel on the patellar surface and posteriorly by the intercondylar notch. 111Tibial condyle:The tibial surfaces are in return curved and comprises two curved and concave analogue troughs which are separated by a blunt distinction running antero- posteriorly distinction lodges the two intercondylar tubercles.Tibio-femoral articulations:The tibial condyles correspond to the femoral condyles while the inter condylar tibial tubercles come to within the femoral intercondylar notch, these surfaces constitute functionally the tibio-femoral articulation.Femero-patellar articulations:The aspects of kneecap correspond to the patellar surface of the thighbone while the perpendicular ridge of the kneecap fits into the cardinal channel of the thighbone.LIGAMENTS OF KNEE JOINT:Medial indirect ligament:It is flattened set rhomboidal in outine. It is attached above to the median epicondyle of thighbone, below to the median border and the bordering median surface of shinbone. Function: restrain valgus rotary motionLateral indirect ligament:Function: restrain varus rotary motion and resist internal rotary motion kneeanatAnterior cruciate ligament:It is attached below to the anterior portion of the intercondylar country of shinbone between the anterior terminals of sidelong and median semilunar gristles. Above it is attached to the posterior portion of the median surface of sidelong femoral condyle. Function: To defy anterior supplanting of the shinbone on the thighbone when the articulatio genus is flexed To defy varus or valgus rotary motion of the shinbone, particularly in the absence of the collateral ligaments Resists internal rotary motion of the shinbone.Posterior cruciate ligament:It is attached below to the posterior portion of intercondylar country of shinbone, buttocks to the fond regard of posterior terminal of median semilunar gristle. Above it is attached to the anterior portion of sidelong surface of the median condyle of thighbone. Function: To let femoral push back in flexure Resist posterior interlingual rendition of the tibia relation to the thighbone Controls external rotary motion of the shinbone with increasing articulatio genus flexure. Retention of the PCL in entire articulatio genus replacing has been shown biomechanically to supply normal kinematic push back of the thighbone on the shinbone. This besides is of import for bettering the lever arm of the quadriceps mechanism with flexure of the articulatio genus.MUSCLES OF KNEE JOINT:Quadricepss femoris Popliteus Semitendinosus Semimembranous Sartorius Bicepss femoris Gastrocnemius PlantarisBURSAE AROUND THE KNEE JOINT:Anteriorly:The suprapatellar Bursa The prepatellar Bursa Superficial intrapatellar Bursa Deep infrapatellar BursaLaterally:A Bursa between sidelong indirect ligament and biceps tendon A Bursa between sidelong indirect ligament and popliteus sinew Popliteus Bursa lies between the popliteus and sidelong condyle of thighbone.Medially:The tibial inter sinewy Bursa ( pes anserine Bursa ) A Bursa between median collateral ligament and semimembranous sinew A Bursa between semimembranous sinews and shinbone.Posteriorly:A Bursa between sidelong caput of gastrocnemius and capsule. Semimembranous Bursa ( brodies bursa )NERVE SUPPLY:Femoral nervus Sciatic nervus Obturator nervusBLOOD Supply:The arterial supply to knee joint, is from the subdivisions of Popliteal arteria Femoral arteria Tibial arteriaTIBIO-FEMORAL ARTHROKINEMATICS:Viewed in the sagittal plane, the thighbone ‘s jointing surface is convex while the shinbone ‘s in concave. We can foretell arthrokinematics based on the regulations of concave shape and convexness:During Knee ExtensionDuring Knee FlexionOpen ChainClosed ChainOpen ChainClosed ChainTibia Glides Anteriorly On Femur Femur Glides Posteriorly On Tibia Tibia Glides Posteriorly On Femur Femur Glides Anteriorly On Tibia from 20o articulatio genuss flexure to full extension from full articulatio genus extension to 20o flexure Tibia rotates externally Femur rotates internally on stable shinbone Tibia rotates internally Femur rotates externally on stable shinboneTHE â€Å" SCREW-HOME † Mechanism:Rotation between the shinbone and thighbone occurs automatically between full extension ( 0o ) and 20o of articulatio genus flexure. These figures illustrate the top of the right tibial tableland as we look down on it during knee gesture. top of tibial tableland top of tibial tableland top of tibial tableland During Knee Extension, the shinbone glides anteriorly on the thighbone. During the last 20 grades of articulatio genus extension, anterior tibial semivowel persists on the shinbone ‘s median condyle because its articular surface is longer in that dimension than the sidelong condyle ‘s. Prolonged anterior semivowel on the median side produces external tibial rotary motion, the â€Å" screw-home † mechanism.THE SCREW-HOME MECHANISM REVERSES DURING KNEE FLEXIONtop of tibial tableland top of tibial tableland top of tibial tableland When the articulatio genus begins to flex from a place of full extension, posterior tibial semivowel begins foremost on the longer median condyle. Between 0 deg. extension and 20 deg. of flexure, posterior semivowel on the median side produces comparative tibial internal rotary motion, a reversal of the screw-home mechanism.Entire KNEE REPLACEMENTEntire articulatio genus replacing is indicated when there is unremitting terrible hurting in the articulatio genus with or without malformation. The pain/ malformation may e due to osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis and assorted non specific arthritis. It relieves hurting, provides mobility and right malformation. Entire articulatio genus replacing is a surgical process in which injured or damaged parts of the articulatio genus articulation are replaced with unreal parts. The process is performed by seperating the musculuss and ligaments around the articulatio genus to expose the articulatio genus capsule. The articulatio genus capsule is opened, exposed the interior of the joint. The terminal of the thighbone and tibial are removed. The unreal parts are cemented into topographic point. The articulatio genus will dwell of metal shell at the terminal of the thighbone, a metal and plastic trough on the shinbone and if needed a fictile button in the cap. In a manner this could be more suitably called a Knee resurfacing operation. Tocopherol: New FolderNAGU PROJECTimAGESTotal-Knee-Replacement.jpg The entire articulatio genus replacing can be: Unicompartmental arthroplasty: The Articular surface of thighbone and shinbone, either the medial or sidelong compartment of the articulatio genus are replaced by an implant. Eg: osteoathritis. Bicomprtmental arthroplasty: In bicompartmental arthroplasty, the articular surface of shinbone and thighbone of both median and sidelong compartments of the articulatio genus articulations are replaced by an implant. The 3rd compartment i.e.. , the patellofemoral articulation is nevertheless left intact. Tricomprtmental arthroplasty: the articular surface of the lower thighbone, upper shinbone and kneecap are replaced by prosthetic device. Most normally performed arthroplsty. The prosthetic device consists of a tibial constituent, a metal femoral constituent and a high molecular weight polythene button for articular surface of the kneecap.TKA GOALSRestore mechanical alliance [ impersonal tibiofemoral alliance = 4A °-6A ° of anatomic valgus ] , Horizontal joint line, Soft tissue balance ( ligament ) , ( Patella tracking ( Q-angle )IndicationOteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Hemophilic arthritis Traumatic arthritis Sero negative arthrides Crystal deposition disease Pigmented villonoular synovitis Avascular mortification Bone dysplasias Asymmetric arthritsCONTRA INDICATIONAbsolute contraindicationsHolocene or curren joint infection Sepsis or systematic infection Neuropathic arthropathy Painful solid articulatio genus mergerRelative contraindicationsSevere osteoporosis Debilated hapless wellness Non working extensor mechanism Painless, good working arthrodesis Significant peripheral vascular diseasesTKA ComplicationsDeath: 0.53 % Periprosthetic Infection: 0.71 % Pneumonic emboli: 0.41 % Patella break: Component Relaxation: Tibial tray wear: Peroneal Nerve Palsy: 0.3 % to 2 % Periprosthetic Femur Fracture: Periprosthetic Tibial Fracture: Wound Complications / Skin gangrene: rare Patellar Clunk Syndrome: rare Patellofemoral Instability: 0.5 % -29 % DVT: Instability: Popliteal artery hurt: 0.05 % Quadricepss Tendon Rupture: 0.1 % Patellar Tendon Rupture: & lt ; 2 % Stiffness: Fat Embolism MCL ruptureNeed AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY:Need of the survey:To cut down flexure contracture To better scope of gesture To better functional activitySignificance of the survey:This survey is to measure the efficaciousness of dynamic splinting for articulatio genus flexure contracture following a entire articulatio genus arthroplasty.Statement of the job:To analyze the efficaciousness of dynamic splinting for articulatio genus flexure contracture following a entire articulatio genus arthroplasty. Therefore the survey is entitled as â€Å" efficaciousness of dynamic splinting for articulatio genus flexure contracture following a entire articulatio genus arthroplasty † .Aims:To cut down flexure contracture To better scope of gesture To analyse the consequence of dynamic articulatio genus splintNull hypothesis:The void hypothesis can be stated as follows there is no important difference in articulatio genus flexure contracture after the application of dynamic knee splint.Alternate hypothesis:The hypothesis can be stated as follows there is important difference in articulatio genus flexure contracture after the application of dynamic knee splint.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:1. TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY:Simon H Palmer, MD, Consultant Surgeon: Sep 21, 2010 Osteoarthritis devastation of the articulatio genus is the most common ground for entire knee replacing. Jayant joshi, prakash kotwal says that entire knee replacing alleviations pain, provides mobility & A ; corrects malformation.2. FLEXION Contracture:J. Ilyas ; A.H. Deakin ; C. Brege ; and F. Picard Flexion contracture is a common malformation encountered in patients necessitating entire articulatio genus arthroplasty ( TKA ) . Department of orthopedicss, aureate jubilee national infirmary, clydebank, Glasgow, g81 4hx, United Kingdom. One hundred and four uninterrupted TKA were completed by a individual adviser utilizing the OrthoPilot ( BBraun, Aesculap ) pilotage system and Columbus implants. Seventy-four articulatio genuss had preoperative flexure contracture ( including impersonal articulatio genuss ) while 30 were in hyperextension. Ouellet D, Moffet H. Arthritis Rheum October 2002 Large motion shortages are present, particularly in single-limb support pre-op and 2 months following TKA. Huei-Ming Chai, PHD. November 24, 2008 sum articulatio genus arthroplasty bounds scope of gesture3. DYNAMIC SPLINT:Dennis cubic decimeter armstrong, m.d. Buck Willis, Ph.D. evaluates the efficaciousness of dynamic knee extension splinting for articulatio genus flexure contracture following TKA. FingerA E, WillisA FB Health Physical Education, Recreation, Texas State University, Cases Journal 2008, Physical therapy entirely did non to the full cut down the contracture and dynamic splinting was so prescribed for day-to-day low-load, prolonged-duration stretch. Finger E, Willis B 29Dec2008: Dynasplint offers extension Systems to help in rehabilitation and recovery from flexure contracture. Clinical surveies have demonstrated greatest mean decrease in rehabilitation clip and cost with the usage of Dynasplint Systems in concurrence with physical therapy. Willis FB Biomechanics.2008 Jan ; 15 After surgery, a patient is frequently left with sawed-off connective tissue and may hold a hard clip walking usually once more. Wearing a dynamic articulatio genus splint will lengthen and reconstruct the tissue to reconstruct scope of gesture. McClure P, Blackburn L, Dusold C Ideally, have oning your Dynasplint for 6-8 uninterrupted hours yields the best consequences as it allows a safe, long enduring remodeling of the soft tissue. Cliffordr.Wheeless, Iii, Md.December3, 2008. The intent of this study is to reexamine the usage of external fixator for the gradual rectification of terrible articulatio genus flexure contractures that bound patient map. James f. Mooney three, mendelevium, l. Andrew koman Posted: 05/01/2001 Average preoperative flexure contracture was 80.5A ° . Each patient achieved full extension. There was one return, despite brace, which was managed with replacing of the fixator and soft tissue processs4. CONVENTIONAL PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR KNEE ARTHRITIS:Jan.K.Richardson, Pt, Phd, Ocs Said that arthritis is a degenerative disease of the gristle and castanetss that consequences in hurting and stiffness in affected articulation. There is no remedy for arthritis, but physical therapy can do life easier and less painful. Brigham And Women ‘s Hospital Department of Rehabilitation Services Physical Therapy.ROM along with proper soft tissue balance is required to guarantee proper biomechanics in the articulatio genus articulation. Aggressive post-operative PT has been shown to be effectual in bettering patient results and shortening length of stay Balint G And Sz Ebenyl.B Showed that curative exercisings decreases hurting, increases musculus weariness and scope of gesture every bit good as improve endurance and aerophilic capacity. Weight decrease is proven in corpulent patients with OA of articulatio genus. Curative heat and cold, galvanism, stylostixis are widely used. Dr. Margriet new wave baar reported that important good effects from exercising therapy including betterments in ego reported hurting, disablement, walking ability and overall sense of good being. Dorr LD.A J Arthroplasty June 2002 CPM helps accomplish articulatio genus scope of gesture quicker in first post-op hebdomads but at concluding followups, no difference in concluding scope of gesture Byrne, et al.A Clin Biomech October 2002 Deficits in articulatio genus strength balanced by increased hip extensor work ; rehab should optimise bilateral hip and articulatio genus map after TKA McManus et al 2006, Jorge et al 2006 the higher frequences ( 90-130Hz ) to excite the hurting gate mechanisms & A ; thereby dissemble the hurting symptoms. Ozcan et Al, 2004 Low frequence nervus stimulation is physiologically effectual ( as with TENS and NMES ) and this is the key to IFT intercession. Adedoyin, R. A. , et Al. ( 2002 ) .IFT acts chiefly on the excitable ( nervus ) tissues, the strongest effects are likely to be those which are a direct consequence of such stimulation ( i.e. hurting alleviation and musculus stimulation ) . National Taiwan University Hospital, November 2008 PNF stretching techniques has been used often for patients with entire articulatio genus arthroplasty in clinical pattern to increase scope of gesture efficaciously and decreased articulatio genus hurting during exercising. Huei-Ming Chai, PHD November 24, 2008 PNF stretching technique is a curative technique utilizing the PNF construct to the related muslces either to increase neuro-inhibition mechanism for let go ofing musculus cramp and stretching musculus length, or to increase neuro-excitation mechanism for heightening musculus strength Harold B. James H. Beaty, MD Range-of-motion exercisings, musculus strengthening, pace preparation, and direction in executing activities of day-to-day life are of import.5. GONIOMETRIC MEASURENT FOR ROM:Carlos Lavernia, MD, Range of gesture appraisal through direct observation without a goniometer provides inaccurate findings. Mark D. Rossi, PhD, PT, CSCS The Journal of Arthroplasty Vol. 23 No. 6 Suppl. 1 2008 Measured tonss utilizing a goniometer provided an improved grade of truth, but consequences appear to be dependent on the clinician executing the measuring. Richard l. Gajdosik Associate Professor Physical healers may accept most knee goniometric measurings as clinically valid, and the grounds indicates that most of these measurings are dependable.6. KNEE SOCIETY SCORE:Gil Scuderi, MD-Chair ; Jim Benjamin, MD ; Jess Lonner, MD ; Bob Bourne, MD and Norm Scott, MD, 2007, The Knee Society evaluation system ( KSS ) was foremost published in CORR in 1989 and has become the standard clinical rating system for describing consequences for patients undergoing Entire Knee Replacement. John N. Insall, MD, Lawrence D. Dorr, Scott, MD Rationale of the Knee Society clinical evaluation system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989 Nov: The Knee Society has proposed this new evaluation system to be simple but more fastidious and more nonsubjective. MD, Richard D. Scott, MD, and W. Norman It is hoped the articulatio genus society evaluation system will go universally recognized and will be adopted by all writers, even if they wish to describe consequences utilizing a customary marking method every bit good.3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY:Materials:Evaluation tool:Goniometry Knee society markOutcome step:Scope of gesture Knee mark Function markMaterial used:Dynamic articulatio genus splintMethodology:( A ) Study design:30 topics with flexure contracture following one-sided TKA assigned in two groups.GROUP A:15 topics: Dynamic Splint Along With Conventional Physiotherapy.GROUP B:15 topics: Conventional Physiotherapy.( B ) Study scene:This survey was carried out in the section of physical medical specialty and rehabilitation, Sri Ramakrishna infirmary, Coimbatore.( C ) Study continuance:This survey was carried out for a period of 6 months.( D ) Sampling:Random sampling.INCLUSION CRITERIA:Age: 45 to 70 old ages. Both sex Flexure contracture: 20 – 12 deg ( post operatively ) Unilateral TKA Reduced flexibleness in AROM of articulatio genus extension Pain that is worsened by flexing over while legs are consecutive Impaired pace form Ability to understand informed consent and experiment dutiesExclusion Standards:Fractures Bilateral TKA TKA & lt ; 2 months Knee sepsis Osteomyelitis or any orthopaedic infection Extensor mechanism disfunction Psoriasis Knee articulation neuropathy Previous Stroke or Brain InjurySTATISTICS Tool:The information collected was analyzed utilizing independent t-test. The trial was carried out between two groups. Independent't ‘ trial was used to compare the effectivity of intervention between the groups. T = S = X1 = Difference between pretest and posttest values of Group I X2 = Difference between pretest and posttest values of Group II = Mean difference of Group I = Mean difference of Group II n1 = No. of samples in Group I n2 = No. of samples in Group II S = Combined criterion divergenceTreatment:Dynamic articulatio genus Extension splint:The Rebound Effecthypertext transfer protocol: //www.dynasplint.com/uploads/user-uploads/rebound2.gif53 % Average Reduction in Time and Cost Associated with ROM Rehabilitationâ€Å" High-force, short-duration stretching favours recoverable, elastic tissue distortion, whereas low-force, long-duration stretching enhances lasting fictile distortion. In the clinical scene, high force application has a greater hazard of doing hurting and perchance ruptures of tissue. Dynasplint Systems improve scope of gesture by making lasting, non-traumatic tissue elongation and remodeling, therefore virtually extinguishing the scope of gesture recoil consequence frequently observed in the clinical scene. RangerKnee2Features & A ; BenefitsLLPS ( Low-Load, Prolonged-Duration Stretch ) engineering has been proven to successfully handle joint stiffness and limited scope of gesture. Early application can cut down clip and cost associated with scope of gesture rehabilitation Simple, adjustable and consistent bilateral tensioning System Available for rent or purchase Biomechanically right Comfortable to have on Each Dynasplint System is recycled to cut down waste and assist the environment A Dynasplint Systems adviser will suit your patients and oversee their intervention to guarantee the best possible consequences Over a one-fourth of a million patients have been successfully treated with Dynasplint Systems Handily labeled and easy to utilizePatient Wearing ProtocolPlease reexamine the tenseness your Dynasplint adviser set for you ab initio. In the beginning, the splint should be worn for 2-4 hours. Do non increase the tenseness until you can digest nightlong wear. Time is the most of import factor and your first end should be 6-8 hours of hurting free wear. After accomplishing this clip end, when you take the splint off if you have less than 1 hr of post-wear stiffness, bend tenseness up by one on both sides. However if you are unable to have on the splint for a drawn-out period of clip, diminish the tenseness by a half to one full bend. During the procedure of recovering your scope of gesture, if you have any inquiry or concerns reach your Dynasplint adviser. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wheelessonline.com/images/i1/imk11.jpgConventional Treatment:MODALITIES FOR PAIN CONTROL, EDEMA REDUCTION:Moist Heat Functional electrical stimulation Transdermal electrical stimulation Ice therapy Interferential therapy Voltaic StimulationJoint Mobilization:Flexion limitationPosition: patient seated Posterior semivowel of shinbone on femur-grade 3 Oscillation with 30 2nd clasp, Repeated 5 times with patellar mobilisation of inferior semivowels ( 5 mins )Extension limitationPosition: patient prone with kneecap off of tabular array Anterior semivowel of shinbone on femur- class 3 oscillation and inactive clasp ( 10 secs in 3 repeats ) with patellar mobilisation superior semivowels ( 5 mins )EXERCISE Plan:Closed and unfastened kinetic concatenation strengthening exercisings Proprioceptive/balance exercisings aiming the bole and lower appendage muscular structure Partial organic structure weighted knee bends Gait preparation Scope of gesture exercisings Heel slide ( supine & A ; sitting ) Stretching ( prone/supine ) to increase articulatio genus extension ROMGAIT Training:Forward Walking Hedging Backward or Retro-WalkingFunctional Training:Standing Transportation Activities Raising Transporting Pushing or Pulling Squating or Crouching Return-to-Work UndertakingsENDURANCE Training:Upper organic structure exercising. Ambulation activities One-leg cycling, utilizing non-operative leg with opposition to gesture.BALANCE/PROPRIOCEPTION Training:Tandem Walking Lateral Stepping over/around objects Weight-Shifting Activities Closed Kinetic Chain Activities5. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:KNEE EXTENSION ROM: Group IPre trial( Two months after TKA )Post trial( conventional PT with SPLINT )DifferenceX116 0 16 16 1 15 16 2 14 16 2 14 16 4 12 14 0 14 14 0 14 14 1 13 14 1 13 14 2 12 12 0 12 12 0 12 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1 11Mean=12.93PRE TEST AND POST KNEE EXTENSION ROM: Group IKNEE EXTENSION ROM: GROUP IIPre trial( Two months after TKA )Post trial( conventional PT without splint )DifferenceX218 7 11 18 6 12 18 6 12 18 6 12 18 4 14 16 7 9 16 7 9 16 4 12 16 4 12 16 4 12 14 3 11 14 4 10 14 4 12 14 2 12 14 2 12Mean=11.46t=2.82s.dev=1.42grades of freedom = 28The chance of this consequence, presuming the void hypothesis, is 0.009PRE TEST AND POST KNEE EXTENSION ROM: GROUP IIKNEE SCORE AND FUNCTION SCORE:S.No.ParametersGroupsMeanS.D.Value‘t ‘ Value1. Knee Tonss Group A 18 4.47 3.06 Group B 13 2. Function Mark Group A 35.6 4.98 3.01 Group B 30.1MEAN DIFFERENCE BETWEENKNEE SCORE AND FUNCTION SCOREDEMOGRAPHIC DATATHE AGE OF THE SAMPLES BETWEEN 45 -70 YEARS IN EACH GROUPAge ( old ages )No. of SamplesEntireGroup AGroup B45-50 4 3 7 50-55 5 4 9 55-60 2 5 7 60-65 2 2 4 65-70 2 1 3Entire NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES IN EACH GROUPSexual activityNo. of SamplesEntireGroup AGroup BMale 8 10 18 Females 7 5 12Entire NUMBER OF RIGHT AND LEFT SIDE INVOLVEMENT IN EACH GROUPSide of engagementNo. of SamplesEntireGroup AGroup BRight 11 8 19 Left 4 7 115. DiscussionEntire articulatio genus arthroplasty ( TKA ) is considered the intervention of pick for patients with intractable hurting and significant functional disablements who have non had acceptable alleviation and functional betterment after conservative intervention. Knee flexure contracture is a common pathology following TKA impacting up to 61 % of these patients. The intent of the survey is to find the effectivity of dynamic splinting in handling patients with flexion contracture following Unilateral TKA. Literature reexamine provinces that there is important difference between dynamic splinting and conventional physical therapy direction in cut downing flexure contracture following Unilateral TKA. A sum of 30 patients with one-sided TKA were selected under inclusive standards and were indiscriminately allocated into an experimental group and control group as Group A and group B severally. In each group 15 Persons were allotted In Group A, dynamic splint along with conventional physical therapy was given and in Group B, Conventional physical therapy entirely was given. Both Groups were treated for a period of 6 months and the pre trial and station trial values are taken on the 1st ( 2 months after TKA ) and at the terminal of 6th months. In between Follow up appraisals were done at regular interval of every two hebdomads to judge the forecast. Statistical analysis performed between the Group A and Group B and the consequences showed the undermentioned result. The scope of gesture and functional betterment among the patients following the intercession was evaluated by Goniometry and knee society mark severally.ParameterGroupsMeanâ€Å" T † Valueâ€Å" Phosphorus † ValueScope of gestureA 12.9 2.82 0.009 Bacillus 11.5Knee markA 18 3.06 0.005 Bacillus 13Function markA 35.6 3.01 0.005 Bacillus 30.1 With goniometric measuring the scope of gesture showed a important betterment of about12.9 and 11.5 for Group A and Group B severally. â€Å" T † value for the independent T trial calculated between the Group is 2.82 which is important at the degree of 0.009 degree at 28 grades of freedom. With knee society mark measurement the articulatio genus mark showed a important betterment of about18 and 13 for Group A and Group B severally. â€Å" T † value for the independent T trial calculated between the Group is 3.06 which is important at the degree of 0.005 degree at 28 grades of freedom. With knee society mark measurement the map mark showed a important betterment of about35.6 and 30.1 for Group A and Group B severally. â€Å" T † value for the independent T trial calculated between the Group is 3.01 which is important at the degree of 0.005 degree at 28 grades of freedom.6. DecisionFrom statistical analysis it is clear that there was a average decrease in flexure contracture of about 12.9 of Group A when compared to 11.5 with that of Group B. The calculated't ‘ value was 2.82 which is greater than the table value at 28 grades of freedom With knee society score it was apparent that the Group A ( articulatio genus mark and map mark ) showed a important average betterment of about 18 and 35.6 when compared to 13 and 30.1 with Group B ( knee mark and map mark ) severally. The calculated't ‘ value was 3.06 which is greater than the table value at 28 grades of freedom. Hence it is cleared that dynamic splinting reduces flexure contracture from 20-12deg ( two month after TKA ) to 5-0 deg ( after the application of dynamic splint ) So the statistical analysis infers us to reject void hypothesis and at that place by accepting the alternate hypothesis i.e. there is important difference in articulatio genus flexure contracture after the application of dynamic knee splint. Hence it is suggested that supplying a dynamic splint is effectual in cut downing flexure contracture and bettering functional position in intervention of articulatio genus flexure contracture following one-sided TKA.LIMITATION OF STUDYSample size is smaller. It is a clip edge survey. The survey was carried on with few nonsubjective parametric quantities in entering the efficaciousness of intervention. The survey concentrated merely on one-sided TKASuggestionThe survey could hold been done with long term follow up and more figure of patients, to analyse the result. The survey could hold employed some more parametric quantities to measure the clinical result more accurately and exactly Further surveies can be done, to analyse the effects of dynamic splint in bilateral TKA. Further surveies can be done, to compare the effects of dynamic splint in one-sided and bilateral TKA.Bibliography1. David J. Magee, Orthopedic Physical Assessment, Second edition, W.B. Saunders company London 1992. 2. Kothari C.R ; Research methodological analysis methods and techniques, wiswaprakasan. 3. Robert Dontelli ; orthopedic P.T 4. Bent And Brotzmen ; Orthopaedic Rehabilitation. 5. Carolyn Kisner & A ; Lynn Allen Colby ; Therapeutic Exercises Foundation & A ; Techniques, New Delhi, Jaypee Brothers 1996, Third edition. 6. Carrie M.Hall, Therapeutic Exercise traveling towards map, Walters kluwer company. 7. Jayant Joshi, Essentials of orthopaedicss & A ; applied physical therapy, New Delhi B.I. Churchill Livingstone pvt Ltd 1993. 8. T.S. Ranganathan, A Text book of Human Anatomy, New Delhi, S Chand & A ; company, 1990 Fourth Edition 9. B.D Chaurasia, Human Anatomy Third edition, CBS Publishers New Delhi. 10. Carolyn M. Hicks & A ; Research for Physiotherapist, Project design analysis, Second add-on, Churchill populating rock, New York, Tokyo. 11. Cynthia C. Norkin Pamela K. Levangies joint construction & A ; Function, Third edition. 12. Graies anatomy: erectile dysfunction 13, 1899 13. J.Maheshwari, MS ortho: essestial orthopedicss. 14. Jagmohan singh: text book of electrotherapy 3rd edition 2005 15. Ann Thomson et Al: tidy ‘s physical therapy, London, butterworth, heinman, 191 12th edition 16. Patricia A. Downie, hard currency text edition of orthopedicss & A ; Rheumatology for physical therapist, jaypee brothers, 1993: 1st edition. 17. Mayilvahanan Natarajan: text book of orthopedicss & A ; tramatology 4th edition. 18. Susan B.O.sullaivan, physical rehabilitation appraisal & A ; intervention, 4th edition jaypee brothers, new Delhi 2001 19. Joan M. Walker, Antonie helewa, physical therapy in arthritis, A division of hartcourt brace & A ; company.APPENDICIESAppendix: 1Basic rating chartPOST OPERATIVE ASSESSMENT FOR TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENTSubjective AppraisalName: Age: Sexual activity: M/F Occupation: Address: Date of Admission: Referred by: Date of surgery: Side operated: Right / Left Height ; Weight: IP/OP figure: Chief ailments:Critical marksTemperature ( Beat/Min ) Pulse rate ( F ) Respiratory Rate ( mm/Hg ) : Blood Pressure ( Breaths/min )Pain appraisalSide of hurting Site of hurting Type of hurting Nature of hurting Duration of hurting Intensity Worsening factors Reliving factors Rating of hurting by ocular / parallel graduated tableNo hurtingSlight hurtingModerate hurtingSevere hurting0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Medical HistoryI ) Past Medical History – Any old disease or hurt two ) Present Medical History Onset Duration Intensity Worsening factors Activities of day-to-day life three ) Personal History – Smoker or intoxicant four ) History of occupation V ) Surgical history Name of sawbonesOn PalpationInflammatory marks: Warmth and Tenderness Crackle Muscles spasm Oedema: Piting / Non PitingOn ExaminationMusculo skeletalJoint ROMJointMotionActivePassivePain freePain fullPain freePain fullHip Flexure Extension Abduction Adduction External rotary motion Internal rotary motion Knee Flexure Extension Medical rotary motion Lateral rotary motion Ankle Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Inversion Eversion Muscle power Muscle blowing – quadriceps Deep sinew Reflexes Deformites Limb length measuringsGait AssessmentType of pace Measure length Stride length Base breadth Cadance External contraptions ( Splints or orthosis ) Type of walking AIDSsRespiratory AssessmentType of respiration ( Thoraco Abdomen, Abdomino – thoracic ) Pattern of respiration ( Asymmetry or Symmetry ) Depth of respiration ( shallow or deep ) Accessory musculuss of respiration Chest enlargement aˆ? Axilla aˆ? Nipple aˆ? XiphisternumFunctional AppraisalProblem listManagementShort term directionPurposesLong-run direction Short term managemMeanssLong-run directionAPPENDIX 2:DYNASPLINT SYSTEM, RANGE OF MOTION AND COMMON DIAGNOSESFOR ORTHOPAEDICAL CONDITIONS:1. Knee extension dynasplint system ( ked )ROM=65 ° flexure to 25 ° hyperextension2. Knee flexure dynasplint system ( kfd ) :ROM=50 ° flexure to 140 ° flexure Common DIAGNOSES: ( extension & A ; flexure ) Entire articulatio genus replacings, Tibial tableland breaks, Tendon and ligament fixs ( ACL, PCL ) , Open decrease internal arrested development ( ORIF ) , Burns, Meniscectomy, Tendon releasesFOR NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS:1. Knee extension neurological dynasplint system ( ken ) :ROM=130 ° flexure to 40 ° flexure2. Double-jointed articulatio genus extension dynasplint system ( ked-dj ) :ROM=130 ° flexure to 50 ° hyperextensionCommon DIAGNOSES:Head injury and spinal cord hurts, Cerebral paralysis ( CP ) , intellectual vascular accident ( CVA ) , and other neurological conditions.FOR AMPUTEE:1. Knee amputee extension dynasplint system ( bka-ed ) :ROM=65 ° flexure to 25 ° hyperextensionCommon DIAGNOSES:Distal limb remotionAppendix: 3:GONIOMETRY OF THE KNEEGestureRecommended Testing PositionStabilizationCenterProximal ArmDistal ArmStartEndFlexureSupine, articulatio genus in ext. Initially hip in 00 ext, abd, add, but as articulatio genus flexes, hip besides flexes Stabilize thighbone to forestall rotary motion, abduction & A ; adduction Over sidelong epicondyle of thighbone Lateral midplane of thighbone, citing greater trochanter Lateral midplane of calf bone, mention sidelong malleolus & A ; fibular caput hypertext transfer protocol: //at.uwa.edu/gon/KnExt.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //at.uwa.edu/gon/KnFlex.jpgExtensionSupine, articulatio genus in ext. Hip in 00 ext, abd, attention deficit disorder. Stabilize thighbone to forestall rotary motion, abduction & A ; adduction Over sidelong epicondyle of thighbone Lateral midplane of thighbone, citing greater trochanter Lateral midplane of calf bone, mention sidelong malleolus & A ; fibular caput hypertext transfer protocol: //at.uwa.edu/gon/KnExt.jpg hypertext transfer protocol: //at.uwa.edu/gon/KnExt.jpg

Management and Weber Essay

Drawing on Weber’s ideal type, critically consider the relevance of bureaucratic administration to the management of twenty-first century organizations. Max Weber was a German sociologist in the twentieth century; he was famous for his classical management theory. Weber classified three different types of authority, traditional, charismatic and legitimate authority. Traditional authority is based on traditions and customs that the leader has the legitimate right to use authority. Charismatic authority is the belief that the leader whose mission and visions will inspire others. Legitimate authority is based on formal, system of rules. In the 1930s, Weber introduced that the bureaucratic form as being the ideal way of organizing government agencies. This soon became popular in both the private and public sectors. Weber believes that the development of rational forms to be the most important characteristics in the development of Western society and capitalism. He considered the traditional and charismatic forms as irrational. Rationality is based on reasoning, calculation and logic. One of the many types of rationality includes the formal rationality. The notion of formal rationality is important to the emergence of industrial capitalism as capitalism values reason, calculation and precision, science and logic. Formal rationality is a form of rationality that characterizes bureaucratic organizations. Bureaucracy refers to the execution of tasks that are governed by official administrative and formal rules of an organization. Weber’s bureaucratic management theory focuses on dividing organizations into hierarchies with authorities and control. The ideal type is extreme, empirically based and yardstick for comparison. Weber has 6 major principles for his ideal type of management style. Firstly, the organization has a formal hierarchical structure, which refers to the ranking system within in the management. A hierarchical structure management style also suggests a centralized decision making process, where the vast majority of decisions are made by a small number of people, usually the senior management teams. Secondly, the organization follows a management by rules system; the organization is controlled by rules, which allows decisions to be made at high level then executed by the lower levels. Thirdly, the organization is organized by functional specialty, which means that there is specialization within the organization; employees are divided into separate departments based on their abilities and skills. Specialization allows the employee to be efficient and more skilled at a specific task, which increases productivity. Furthermore, all decisions and rules are recorded in writing to ensure continuity over time. In addition, in an ideal system, there is equality between all employees, applying to both managerial and non-managerial workers. Lastly, employment is wholly based on technical qualifications, which means employees are hired on a basis of their abilities and competence. Weber’s bureaucratic management focuses on the authorities in the top level of the hierarchy and causes an â€Å"iron cage† to restrict the lower lever workers which leads to demotivation and a feeling of insignificance. Many researchers argue that weber emphasizes on the positive consequences of bureaucracy and ignores the dysfunctions of it. These researchers include Gouldner, Merton and Thompson. In Gouldner opinions, he does not believe the bureaucracy authority is neither acceptable nor efficient. He proposed three types of bureaucracy, mock bureaucracy, punishment centered bureaucracy and representative bureaucracy. In mock bureaucracy, the rules are ignored because they come from an outside agency; employees feel that there is too much ‘red tape’. In punishment-centered bureaucracy, the rules are imposed on the workers from inside the organization. This type of authority discourages the workers from full commitment; workers would only perform a adequate amount of work. In representative bureaucracy, the rules are developed and supported by managers and the employees. As for Merton, he believes that rational rules and the close control leads to inflexibility. He introduced the idea of ‘goal displacement’; this is when organizational goals are replaced by personal goals. Bureaucracies’ rules become more important than what they were designed to serve, which results in inefficiencies. In bureaucratic systems, specialization consists of different departments with different goals. These goals could cause conflict and these goals may become more important than the organization’s original objectives. Victor Thompson also criticized Weber’s ‘ideal type’, he suggests the bureaupathic behavior, and this is when employees are more interested in the rules than the purposes and goals of the organization. Thompson also argued that in bureaucratic systems, the authorities generate a sense of insecurity that uses rules to protect them from making errors. There are many more dysfunctional consequences of bureaucracy. Firstly, bureaucracy is a rigid management system, it is designed for a stable and predictable business environment, hence it cannot adapt to rapid and unexpected changes. Also, in a bureaucratic system, there is a concentration of power in the higher levels of management, which would create distance between the employees at the lower levels of the hierarchy and leading to a sense of demotivation. There was not only Weber’s theories about management style, there were also Taylorism by Fredrick Winslow Taylor, Fordism by Henry Ford, and McDonaldism by George Ritzer. Taylor was regarded as the father of scientific management. Taylorism was aimed to a) minimize production time, b) achieve divison of labour, c) reduce the amount of work by following a machinelike routine d) separate work equally among the workers and the managers, e) gain control by supervision of work with managers planning, and workers performing the tasks. His ultimate goal was to succeed in gaining efficiency by increasing output from his workers. Taylor also introduced the Time and Motion Study, this was to establish productivity. He first separated the tasks into small steps, then performance was monitored to eliminate wasteful motion, with the exact time recorded, then the production and delivery time and prices can be calculated. However, this is only suitable for repetitive tasks. The idea of taylorism is usually argued that it exploits human beings, it also ignores personal creativity and there is a loss of autonomy to the employees. Fordism was the system of mass production that was introduced by Henry Ford, the founder of the Ford Motor Company. His aim was to achieve higher productivity by standardizing the output by his company. He was also the first to introduce the use of assembly lines. In Taylorism, it focused on machine and worker efficiency, however, in Fordism, ford replaced labour with machinery and he minimizes costs instead of maximizing profits. Critics argued that Fordism destroys craftsmanship and de-skilled jobs as it focuses on machinery to perform the tasks, and with the small number of workers of the workplace, the repetitiveness of the job is believed to lead to stress and alienation of the workers. After Fordism, George Ritzer introduced the idea of McDonaldism, the term was to refer to the process of fast food restaurants dominating the world. This new structure of Ritzer’s replaced Weber’s bureaucratic structure. He proposed four principles of McDonaldization. 1) Efficiency: In McDonaldized structures, the ideal way for completing a task was the whole of the organization aims to minimize time of production. 2) Calculability: McDonaldism suggests that a large amount of product delivered in a short period of time is equivalent to a quality product. 3) Predictability: In McDonaldism, products and services are standardized, despite the location or time. 4) Control: According to McDonaldism, employees perform specific tasks with non-human technologies to replace them when needed. Bureaucracy belongs to the twentieth century when the business environment is stable and predictable, however, in the twenty-first century; the business environment is forever changing and is in need for a flexible structure. There are five key organizational trends in the twenty-first century. Firstly, globalization is the increase integration of national economies into global markets rather than national markets. Over the past years, there is an increased globalized labour market. The increased globalized markets are mainly due to improvements in transportation and communication such as the Internet. Secondly, the workforce is becoming more diversified due to changing demographics and the globalization of the labour market. Thirdly, in the twenty-first century, organizations are becoming more flexible; there are fewer detailed rules and procedures within the workplace. Employees are receiving greater autonomy with a more flexible organizational structure. Furthermore, businesses prefer to adapt to a flat organizational structure with less management levels, bringing the top management closer to the lower levels of employees hence improving the flow of information and speeding up communication within the organization. Lastly, organizations are mostly networked; there is direct communication between different departments, ignoring the chains of command. Business decision-making is decentralized in networked organizations, which improves the speed of decision-making, encourages input from the workforce and improves accountability of the employees. In conclusion, Weber’s theory of the ideal type of organization is inappropriate for the management of the twenty-first century organizations; the business environment in the current days is rapidly changing. Bureaucracy is a rigid system that does not allow easy changes which is required in the modern world. Hence, bureaucratic system is only suitable in the twentieth century where the business environment is static. Bibliography: Max Weber – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2011. Max Weber – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber. [Accessed 17 October 2011] Bureaucracy — Max Weber’s six characteristics of the bureaucratic form. 2011. Bureaucracy — Max Weber’s six characteristics of the bureaucratic form. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bustingbureaucracy.com/excerpts/weber.htm. [Accessed 17 October 2011]. WEBER ON BUREAUCRACY. 2011. WEBER ON BUREAUCRACY. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/y64l09.html. [Accessed 19 October 2011]. Bureaucratic Management. 2011. Bureaucratic Management. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_schools/bureaucratic_management.htm. [Accessed 19 October 2011]. What is Wrong with Weberian Bureaucracy?. 2011. What is Wrong with Weberian Bureaucracy?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.change.freeuk.com/learning/business/ratlegal.html. [Accessed 24 October 2011]. Bureaucracy (Advantages and Dis-Advantages)  « Michael Wiriadinata. 2011. Bureaucracy (Advantages and Dis-Advantages)  « Michael Wiriadinata. [ONLINE] Available at: http://mamikikeyu.wordpress.com/2011/05/12/bureaucracy-advantages-and-dis-advantages/. [Accessed 24 October 2011]. Scientific Management (Taylorism). 2011. Scientific Management (Taylorism). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.12manage.com/methods_taylor_scientific_management.html. [Accessed 24 October 2011]. McDonaldization – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2011. McDonaldization – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonaldization. [Accessed 27 October 2011].

AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES Essays - Avalanches, Avalanche, Landslide

AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES Submitted to: Ms.Delgado GEOGRAPHY 12/9/96 By OUTLINE AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES 1. a.WHAT IS AN AVALANCHE OR LANDSLIDE? b.EXACTLY HOW DOES AN AVALANCHES OCCUR 2. a.I TALK A LITTLE ABOUT PAST AVALANCHES b.PAST DEATHS FROM AVALANCHES 3. a.CONCLUSION CLOSING OF MY REPORT AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES What is an avalanche? , well it's a large mass of snow and ice or of earth or rock sliding down a mountain side or a cliff. And how does an avalanche occur, well mainly they happen by vibrations caused by movement of the earth such as an earthquake, gunfire, rainy weather, and many more. Now I would like to talk a little about past avalanches and landslides that have occurred like the 1903 Frank landslide and avalanche that happened at the same time, in Alberta Canada it destroyed the parks canyons it's beautiful trees' it's wonderful sights and killed nearly one hundred people, and covered a small town near Alberta with ice and snow. Another devastating avalanche incident is the 1964 Sherman slide, in which a huge avalanche was triggered by the 1964 Alaskan earthquake. The slide spilled out onto the Sherman glacier, during the big slide several other smaller slides happened and those were the one that took lives in Anchorage, and destroyed property There are a couple of types of avalanches and how the destroy so much this one is named "Loose Snow Avalanches"1, it starts' in a small area then grows in size and mass as it descends.Another type is the "Slab Avalanche" it actually starts in a large area of ice and snow and then begins to slide. AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES On September 12 of 1717 crusaded down the Troilet, Italy glacier, gaining speed on a cushion of air reaching a falling velocity of km/hr over a 3600 m fall. Two towns were destroyed, with seven people killed and a 120 cows lost. The slosh of an avalanche ran up the far side of the valley at a speed of 125 km/hr. In developed areas such as ski resorts it is possible to predict avalanches because they are controlled with explosives and artillery. In a back-country areas it is possible to predict avalanches because the forecast relies on experience of the person making the observation. There are no computer models available to predict avalanches and therefore predictions are only accomplished by repetitive observations and knowledge of snow properties. Due to difficulty in reliable predictions method areas of avalanche hazards must rely on controlling or altering the effects of an avalanche. The back country explorer must be highly skilled in determining safe routes and rescue procedures over and above relying on predictions of avalanches for personal safety. Avalanches kill people many ways but the most common cause of death is suffocation. There is little air trapped in the avalanche and within a short period of time the victim loses consciousness and dies. A victim can also be killed from the force of the snow slamming into the body or by traveling in the avalanches and being smashed against trees and other objects. AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES Knowledge can help you avoid being caught by a snow avalanche, it may help you survive if you are buried. Snow avalanches are natural phenomena so complex one can never have all the information necessary to predict avalanche conditions with certainty. Well this is my report on avalanches hope you learned more on avalanches but we will never know all there is to know about avalanches, sorry it's not the five pages I was lucky to find this little amount of information. NOTES Mears,Ronald I., Design Criteria for Avalanche Control Structures in the Runout Zone,June1981. S.D., All You Ever Wanted To Know About Snow..., November 24, 1988. Snow Avalanches from Cold Regions Hydrology and Hydraulics,Ryan, W.L. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the U.S. BIBLIOGRAPHY World Wide Web author . Avalanche weather station author . Snow and Weather disaster station.

Hospitality service and facilities management Essay - 2

Hospitality service and facilities management - Essay Example Productivity is usually interlinked with the industries which involve extensive purchases so it is really significant to manage the productivity. In simple terms, productivity can be taken as a ratio between the input and the output of the industry at a particular level or in some particular field. It can be measured in different ways like shift wise productivity in some cases or by means of different departments or in terms of capital assessment. Productivity management is quite a troublesome job which can prove to be a complex assignment for the administration of hospitality organization like hotels. This task can become even more complex if major proportion of the staff is working in the organization for part time. According to different studies, one of the dilemmas in this industry is the allocation of different shifts to different groups of staff working in there but this problem has been solved quite efficiently by the latest technologies like using computer based scheduling of the shifts or using software specifically designed for this propose. One other problem in this industry is non availability of certified professionals at all the levels in this industry and one of the main reasons for this is the non attractive pay structure in this field offered by the owners of the major hotels and restaurants. So this is one of the major issues which is faced by the human resource (HR) department of the hotels and it results in decreased performance of the employees due to increase work load on them. This problem is reduced to some extent by the recent increase in the salary and by giving other complimentary packages to the specialized staff of this industry. As all other fields are affected badly by the terrorist activities all around the world so is the hospitality industry, according to different scholars, initially there

Marketing case study (analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing case study (analysis) - Essay Example Armed with his savings and determination, he ventured into business where there are only two players—Bullard, the market leader and another which is rumored to close because of bankruptcy. Before finally making up his mind to offer carpet cleaning services, he should have conducted a thorough environmental scanning in order to understand the risk associated with his decision. Looking at the situation of the industry, he should have noted that aside from the peak seasons where Bullard cannot accommodate all prospective customers (he actually knows that population triples in summer and doubles during winter) one firm might be enough to provide all the services for the entire Petoskey. Thus, he could have ventured in a more profitable industry or choose to offer services only in summer or winter. Secondly, he should have conducted a market research as to why customers are drawn to Bullard and why all his competitors fail to capture the customers. In order to compete efficiently, he should be able to pinpoint the success factors related to the business. Internally, Jim Services Inc lacks a comprehensive marketing strategy which will enable to differentiate it from Bullard. It should be noted that the firm launched is a copycat which did not strive to build its own image in order to snatch customers. What Jim did is to employ a â€Å"me-too† strategy by claiming to offer the same service as the market leader. In so doing, the company did not influence the customers to shift to its services but only becomes as a ready alternative when the market leader cannot accept other carpet cleaning services during summer and winter. Jim Services Inc could have differentiated itself through the provision of other value added or offering lower prices. After noting the factors which contribute to the failure of Jim, this paper recommends that his cleaning services be offered only during

Tectonic work on Troppo and Glen Murcutt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Gobachevs New Foreign Policy and its Consequences Essay

Gobachevs New Foreign Policy and its Consequences - Essay Example Gorbachev’s foreign policy approach was a direct result of domestic concerns. Gorbachev viewed economic and political restructuring as not simply the basis of domestic revitalization, it was essential to sustain the Soviet Union’s position as an international power. Gorbachev described the connection between his domestic and foreign policy programs. â€Å"The success of efforts at internal reform will determine whether or not the Soviet Union will enter the twenty-first century in a manner worthy of a great power.†1 New Soviet government leaders, led by Gorbachev, introduced radical changes to the Soviet system. He initiated perestroika, a series of economic reforms meant to eliminate ineffective administrative structures without fundamentally altering the state-run economy. Politically, Gorbachev introduced glasnost so as to decrease the control of the state and Communist Party interests, the obstacles to economic reform. Political reform was successful but also initiated opposition that ultimately led to Gorbachev’s political demise. New foreign policy thinking was created and implemented to support the pressing needs for economic reform and internal political reforms. These reforms reunited Germany and earned Gorbachev a good deal of popularity throughout the world, more so than in Russia. It also earned him the Nobel Peace prize and an honored position in history. Characteristic of Soviet ideologies from the past, the primary attention of its new leadership was on the domestic issues.

Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prostitution - Essay Example Geishas, hetaeras, and nowadays escort boys and girls remain true to their profession. Reasons for different people are various: at first, there is a certain type of power and connections a prostitute may receive while â€Å"communicating† with people; according to words of madam - girls in sex industry are correlated to success, treated very well and receive a generous compensation for their time. Clients could have remained friends with some of them and would send them money for bills or education. So-called girls could make over $10,000 per week for a couple of nights (Davis). â€Å"The most Ive ever made is  £30,000 in a month† - tells a host, Josh Brandon, from London. The other reason is a decent payment and acceptable schedule, of which not so many other works can boast, "Working in a bar was just no good - too much work and not enough money," - Tommy says (Magazine). Also, it is clear, that legal prostitutes take their job seriously and cautiously in both fina ncial and health issues. It is stated, that prostitutes are often more aware of safe sex than average people, and their work is scheduled, has a rate and is bound with solving legal financial and social issues - as any other job. Government also can receive profit from prostitution, under the condition it’s being legal. â€Å"Germany legalized prostitution in 2002, creating an industry now thought to be worth 16bn euros a year† (Reed). Although prostitution is illegal everywhere in America except Nevada, old figures put its value at $14 billion annually nationwide; surely an underestimate. More recent calculations in Britain, where prostitution is legal but pimping and brothels are not, suggest that including it would boost GDP figures by at least  £5.3 billion ($8.9 billion) ("A personal choice"). Actual profit is received not only in financial, but also in

Mobile Computing Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mobile Computing Technologies - Essay Example The capability of FHSS to resist any interference from false RF signals is supposed to be quite a number of times better than the capability of DSSS. The implementation of FSSS system is easier. A lower power density is used by DSSS. This makes the detection of DSSS harder. Another reason why DSSS is not preferred is that in order to ensure reception it sends redundant copies of encoded data. One of the implications that may be associated in this case is that the assignment would have to be within the standards set by ITU. The maximum limit of allocation cannot exceed 300GHz in accordance with the set limits as shown in Figure 2: (Roke Manor Research, n.d.) 2. The receiver system to be used is based on the Superheterodyne design. Briefly explain the principle of operation of the Superheterodyne and discuss any potential issues which may be of concern with this type of receiver design and receiver systems in general. The way Superhetrodyne receives is that it uses frequency mixing and converts its received signal into a fixed Intermediate Frequency. An If or an Intermediate Frequency is much conveniently processed than the conventional radio carrier frequency. One concern with Superhetrodyne is that along with the wanted signal it also generates an unwanted signal which is referred to as image frequency. This is a problem because it is a false response. The only way this response can be prevented by incorporating a filter that would restrict the image frequency from reaching the mixer. It has been decided that the cost of implementing a bespoke communication link is too expensive and the existing cellular infrastructure will be used. The GSM mobile unit 1.5km away is receiving a signal from the Vodafone base station transmitter on top of the Owen Building (postcode S1 1WB). When signals collided with road traffic they can cause diffraction, absorption and multipath fading. When signals collide with a material it can lose its strength and its path can be reflected and refracted thus causing a delay in receiving the signal which results in Multipath fading.     

Negative Economic Impact of the Ppaca Essay Example for Free

Negative Economic Impact of the Ppaca Essay Negative Economic Impact of the Patient Protection and Accountable Care Act The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) also referred to as ObamaCare, federal healthcare law, Affordable Care Act, or ACA, is a United States federal Statute signed into law on March 23, 2010, by President Barack Obama. In combination with the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act, it represents the most significant regulatory overhaul of the U.S. healthcare system since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act). The PPACA is intended to increase the number of health insured Americans and reduce the overall costs of healthcare. The PPACA will revamp the current health insurance system by extending health insurance coverage to nearly 32 million currently uninsured Americans; 18 million through Medicaid expansion to individuals with incomes under the 133 percent federal poverty line (FPL), and 18 million through government exchange subsidies to individuals with incomes up to 400 percent of the FPL. Citizens and legal residents in families with income between 100 and 400 percent of poverty who purchase coverage through a health insurance exchange are eligible for a tax credit to reduce the cost of coverage. To subsidize the additional 32 million individuals covered, the new law introduces 18 new taxes and penalties on individuals, employers, and businesses (Campbell). Though the PPACAs intent is to lower healthcare costs, it will increase the federal deficit, increase state deficits, hinder employment, job creation and innovation, increase health insurance costs, and delay economic growth. These negative economic issues are far-reaching and long lasting. Increase the Federal Deficit One of the goals for the PPACA was to reduce the federal deficit by a small amount in the first ten years and by trillions of dollars thereafter. Contrary to this key objective, the combination of mandates and taxes will not reduce the federal deficit, but will likely increase it. The PPACA is estimated to increase the federal deficit by $75 billion, per year, resulting in the nation’s publicly held debt to grow to $753 billion higher at the end of 2020 (Campbell). Once the government begins to pay health insurance for individuals through subsidies and bring people into the government insurance program in the later half of the decade, this growing debt will balloon. The CBO’s updated 2011 estimates found that the PPACA will increase federal outlays by roughly $604 billion between 2012 and 2021 (Blahous). The excessive debt will drive out productive investments and lead to an estimated 670,000 lost job opportunities annually. The imposed tax hikes are anticipated to cost taxpayers $503 billion over 10 years and more in the future to subsidize government spending on new entitlements (Dubay). The standing budget analysis is very limited, as it does not account for how the policy’s combination of spending and increased taxes alters the macroeconomic performance of the economy. The heavy initial costs of the policy hinder economic growth with higher inflation and interest rates, overwhelming the benefits the law hoped to gain in later years. Within the PPACA, legislation double counts $53 billion in Social Security payments, counts $70 billion in premium payments for long-term care insurance programs as revenues, and ignores up to $115 billion in discretionary costs associated with the PPACA (Howard). After discounting the double counting of Social Security payments, long-tern care premium payments as revenue, and takes discretionary costs into account, the true financial deficit of the PPACA during its first ten years is over $562 billion, and $1.15 trillion thereafter (Howard). Increases the State’s Deficit Not only does the PPACA have a serious negative impact on the federal deficit, but also on state’s budgets, several of which are already suffering multibillion-dollar budget deficits. Medicaid spending currently consumes about 20 percent of state’s budgets, crowding out spending on everything else from education to infrastructure (Howard). States will be held responsible for roughly 11 million uninsured Americans who are eligible for Medicaid but have never enrolled. In 2014, many of these individuals will sign up for coverage under the pre-PPACA rate, which varies by state, and is far more complex. The mandated spending makes an already bad fiscal situation worse, as states are projected to face $21 billion in new Medicaid costs from 2014 – 2019, not including up to $12 billion in new administrative costs (Howard). While this reduces the $442 billion in new Medicaid costs for the federal government, many state budgets are already facing huge deficits and cannot afford any new outlays. In fact, they need to cut spending to balance their budgets. The increased rolls of people on Medicaid will continue to put financial pressures on state’s budgets, leading to further economically destructive tax increases, budget cuts, and state employee layoffs. Hinders Employment, Job Creation, and Innovation The PPACA imposes a 2.3% medical device tax, $2.3 billion annual tax on the pharmaceutical industry, and $2,000, per employee, tax penalty on employers with 50 or more workers who do not provide their employee’s insurance coverage or â€Å"adequate† insurance coverage. Stock shares fell in the medical device sector on June 28, 2012, the day the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the majority of the new healthcare law. In accordance with the new law, medical device manufacturers are subjected to pay a 2.3% sales tax on medical device sales. Scheduled to go into effect in January 2013, the excise tax on medical devices is a blow to innovation, will cost the industry more than $28 billion by 2019, destroy 14,000 to 47,1000 jobs, and increase the cost of medical devices (Graham). Several major manufacturers have already been affected and are preparing for the new healthcare tax. Welch Allyn plans to lay off 275 employees, 10% of their workface, over the next three years. Stryker plans on countering the medical device tax by cutting five percent of their global workforce, an estimated 1,170 positions. Zimmer Corp cites the tax for 450 job cuts and a $50 million charge against earnings. Cook Medical has nixed plans to open a manufacturing factory in the United States, moving business overseas to Ireland. Medtronic anticipates a $175 million annual charge against earnings, forcing the company to cut 1,000 jobs between 2012 and 2013. Boston Scientific is removing between 1,200 and 1,400 jobs, while shifting investments and workers overseas to China. In addition to the companies just mentioned, the following companies are also facing future layoffs at the hands of Obamacare. Smith Nephew: 700 employees, Abbott Labs: 700 employees, Coviden: 595 employees, Kinetic Concepts: 427 employees, St. Jude Medical: 300 employees, and Hill Rom: 200 employees. The medical device industry is the sixth leading exporter in the United States (Top US Exports). The impact of this tax will likely reduce exports, thereby exacerbating the trade deficit and damage the medical device industry. Obamacare will hit pharmaceutical companies with more than $20 billion in new taxes over the next ten years. Some companies cannot bear a massive tax bill and risk failure of multimillion-dollar research. The American economy benefits remarkably from the vast amounts that pharmaceutical companies invest into research and development. New drug therapies help increase the economy, because research and development expenses directly create jobs, and successful drugs enrich people’s health and can free up caretakers for more productive pursuits. For example, the cost of caring for those with Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia will reach $200 billion this year and $1 trillion by 2050 (Pipes). A new treatment that could delay the onset of Alzheimer’s by five years would decrease the prevalence of the disease by 43 percent and save $447 billion by 2050 (Pipes). Beginning in 2014, employers with more than 49 employees will pay a non-deductible penalty of $2,000 for each employee beyond the first 30 employees if they do not offer minimum creditable health coverage. If an employer fails to provide affordable coverage, and at least one employee receives insurance through a state-based exchange, the penalty rises to $3,000 per employee (Howard). The law mandate is estimated to cost businesses an additional $96 billion between 2012 and 2019 (Howard). One economist notes that the $2,000 penalty will amount to costs averaging 15% of wages in the restaurant industry and nearly 10% of wages in the retail sector, provid ing an incentive to hire part-time, lower wage employees (Willnite). Many businesses will move toward hiring part-time instead of full-time employees to mitigate the health-care overhaul’s requirement. â€Å"32% of retail and hospitality company respondents told Mercer consulting firm that they were likely to reduce the number of employees working 30 hours a week or more† (Jargon). The CBO predicts that the law will reduce the number of jobs in the U.S. by one half of one percent, equating to about 700,000 additional Americans being unemployed. Employers with fewer than 50 employees that do not provide health insurance are disincentivized to grow beyond the â€Å"cap† and incur a penalty, further reducing unemployment and growth. One small business owner of an IHOP franchise in New Jersey anticipates penalties up to $220,000 for his 140 uninsured workers, forcing him to raise prices or lay off workers. â€Å"Ultimately, either businesses will close or consumers will pay more† (Dubay). Dana Holding Corp warned their employees of potential layoffs, citing $24 million over the next six years in additional U.S. healthcare expenses. The company has already begun laying off white collar employees. The CBO predicts three million people will lose employer based coverage as a result of the PPACA, noting firms that tend to drop coverage are smaller employers and employers who employ low wage workers. Other sources have estimated as many as 43 million low wage employees may be dropped into the state exchanges. This would significantly increase taxpayer obligations and further increase the cost of the program. To compensate for the new tax expenses, companies can reduce profits, reduce administrative costs, reduce labor costs (fewer jobs or lower wages), or raise their premiums. The global capital market is highly competitive and many companies already have prevailing incentives to redu ce administrative costs. Therefore, they are more likely to raise premiums or reduce labor costs, or a combination of both. Mercer, an employee benefits consulting firm, revealed in a November 2012 research study that in addition to considering lower-cost plans, two-thirds of companies polled said they would also raise health care costs for workers through higher co-pays and deductibles, regardless of whether the employee is a CEO or a line worker at a factory (Murphy). This is a job destroying law that will negatively affect nearly everyone. The cost of the tax increase will result in lower wages, hire unemployment, lower hours worked per employee, cut jobs, lower profits, lower shareholder returns, less innovation, and higher prices for consumers. The new tax mandate will create access barriers to healthcare and services, further increasing costs. Companies will proceed very cautiously before committing themselves to new investments and employment decisions. The effect this has on economic growth, innovation, and job creation is significantly counterproductive toward the goal of increase growth in this anemic economy. Increased Health Insurance Costs The PPACA imposes a number of new requirements on health insurance companies, including being barred from setting premiums based on medical history, limitation to varying premiums based on age, extending dependent coverage for adult children until the age of 26, and eliminating the lifetime cap on health insurance coverage. The effects on the provisions and taxes will likely be passed onto employers and individuals in the form of higher insurance premiums, especially for younger adults, thereby subsidizing older Americans. The law allows premium costs to vary by a ratio of three to one, based on age. Heritage research specifies â€Å"The natural variation by age in medical costs is about five to one, meaning that the oldest group of non-Medicare adults normally consumes about five times as much medical care as the youngest group.† Under Obamacare, young adults will pay exaggeratedly high premiums, and older adults will pay unnaturally low premiums. Young adults in the exchange, who are under the age of 30, will see an eight percent increase in their premiums (Radnofsky). The ban on establishing premiums based on medical history also increases premiums for individuals who are healthy. Individuals with chronic disease have healthcare expenses three times greater than those without chronic disease. The Kaiser Family Foundation study found that due to the health law’s restrictions on how much prices can vary by age, having older, sicker people participating in the insurance exchanges could drive up premiums for everyone in those exchanges by three percent, or $141 for each enrollee in 2014. Delay Economic Growth The law charges insurance companies and imposes a 40 percent excise tax on individuals with high-premium insurance plans. The excise tax applies to insurance plan premiums exceeding $8,500 for individuals and $23,000 for families, for the cost of combining health savings accounts, medical, prescription drugs, dental, vision, etc. There is a higher threshold for early retirees and high-risk professionals of $9,850 for singles and $26,000 for a family. Until 2019, these thresholds will be indexed to the general price inflation, plus one percent. In CBO’s latest projections, the plan is expected to cost taxpayers $87 billion between 2011 and 2019. The PPACA enforces a new 3.8% investment income tax and an additional 0.9% Medicare payroll tax on individuals with annual income exceeding $200,000 and on families and small businesses with annual income exceeding $250,000. Similar to the previous law’s Medicare payroll tax, the revenue from the additional 0.9 percent tax will be allocated to the Medicare HI Trust Fund. The tax increase is expected to cost this group of individuals $210 billion between 2012 and 2019 (Howard). High tax rates carry economic penalties. They cause taxpayers to base decisions more on tax considerations and less on economic merit. Additionally, high taxes can shrink the size of the tax base, raising less revenue than the causal bystander might assume. A study by Ernst and Young has concluded higher tax rates will result in a significant increase in the average marginal tax rates on businesses, wages, and investment income, as well as the marginal effective tax rate on new business investment (Prante). The study finds that these higher marginal tax rates result in a smaller economy, fewer jobs, less investment, and lower wages. Specifically, the study found that the higher tax rates will have a substantial adverse economic affect in the long-run that includes lowering output, employment, investment, the capital stock, and after tax income. Higher tax rates on wages reduce work effort and labor force participation (Prante). The higher tax rates on capital gains and dividends increase the cost of equity capital, which discourages savings and investment, and reduces capital available for companies to grow. In effect, capital investment falls, which reduces labor productivity and means lower output and living standards in the long run (Prante). These economic destructive policies will impede an already weak economy. Conclusion PPACA’s taxes, penalties, and fees on investors and businesses will decrease the amount of investment in the economy. The law is packed full of taxes on individuals, employers, medical device companies, insurance companies, and pharmaceutical companies. Almost all of these costs will be passed along to employers and individuals in the form of higher insurance premiums, reduced wages and employment, and reduced investment in products and services. In turn, this reduced investment will lead to a decline in productivity. Higher taxes on investments also put upward pressure on interest rates as investors seek to achieve their after-tax desired rate of return. Lower wages reduce the amount of taxable income that could otherwise have been achieved. This will increase the deficit and grow the total debt, putting upward pressure on interest rates and push out some savings that could have gone to new productive business investments. Due to higher interest rates, more American tax dollars will go toward paying the interest on the federal debt rather than paying down principle. Simulations using dynamic analysis estimate that the government would spend an average of $23 billion more per year on interest rate payments between 2010 and 2020 that it would without the PPACA (Campbell). The enactment of the PPACA has and will continue to substantially worsen a dire federal fiscal and economic outlook, accomplishing the opposite of its intention. The actual economic cost in money and jobs will not fully be known for years, but the outlook is dismal at best. Works Cited Blahous, Charles. The Fiscal Consequences of the Affordable Health Care Act. Mercatus Center at George Mason University, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. http://mercatus.org/sites/default/files/publication/The-Fiscal-Consequences-of-the-Affordable-Care-Act_1.pdf. Dubay, Curtis S. Obamacare and New Taxes: Destroying Jobs and the Economy. Tax Increases in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The Heritage Foundation, 20 Jan. 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/01/obamacare-and-new-taxes-destroying-jobs-and-the-economy. Graham, John R. Obamacares Medical-Device Tax Kills Patients, Not Just Jobs.Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 06 June 2012. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/aroy/2012/06/06/obamacares-medical-device-tax-kills-patients-not-just-jobs/. Howard, Paul. The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Economy, Employers, and the Workforce. Center for Medical Progress at the Manhattan Institute, 9 Feb. 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. http://www.man hattan-institute.org/pdf/testimony_02092011PH.pdf. Jargon, Julie, Louise Radnofsky, and ALexandra Berzon. Health Care Law Spurs a Shift to Part Time Workers. Wall Street Journal. N.p., 4 Nov. 2012. Web. 2012. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204707104578094941709047834.html?mod=djemHL_t. Murphy, Patricia. Cadillac Tax in Health Plan Would Hit Middle Class Hard. Politics Daily. The Capitolist, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/12/17/cadillac-tax-in-health-plan-would-hit-middle-class-hard/. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

Application of Turkey to EU

Application of Turkey to EU Introduction Since its creation, the European Union has been enlarged six times during which it has accommodated twenty one new members. Today there are three candidate states that await membership Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia[1]. The most significant of those is Turkey whose candidacy has created more controversy than any other. Since Turkeys first membership application in 1987, it has sparked numerous debates on whether it belongs in the European Union, back then the European Community. This paper argues that Turkey should not be granted membership in the bloc. Several aspects have been taken into account such as its geographical position, economic state, vast population and cultural incompatibility, that render Turkey unfit to join the union. Moreover, the public opinion in both the EU and Turkey is assessed as important factor that reflects the attitudes towards the admission. Background information As already mentioned, Turkey made its first effort to join the European Community in 1987, when its application was rejected because of its economical and political situation and poor relations with Greece due to the Cyprus conflict. In 1999, however, candidate status was granted and in 2001 The EU Council of Ministers adopted EU-Turkey Accession Partnership[2]. In 2002, the Copenhagen European Council resolved that if the European Council in December 2004, on the basis of a report from the Commission, decides that Turkey fulfils the Copenhagen political criteria, theEU would open accession negotiations with Turkey[3]. Consequently, in December 2004 the European Council decided to open official negotiations[4]. Geographical and demographical aspects Although official negotiations have started, Turkey is not a part of Europe, therefore should not be part of the European Union. Only some 3% of its territory is on the Old continent, the bulk of its territory is in Asia[5]. This trivial fact is often overlooked as not as important in the debate for Turkeys membership. However, as a regional organization the EU should have some borders, and if it plans to expand outside Europe it should at least change its name, maybe to a World Union or Eurasian Union. Also in the event of Turkeys admission, it might become a precedent that would inspire other countries outside Europe to demand membership as well. Another aspect of the territorial location of Turkey is that, if it is admitted, the EUs external neighbors will be states like Iran, Iraq and Syria, all of which are marked by internal crisis and/or have account of terrorist groups operating in theirs territories. This might have serious security implications for the bloc, as dangerous el ements might enter the union through its Turkish border. Even if the territorial aspect is ignored, Turkeys vast population cannot be overlooked so easily. With its close to seventy-six million people[6], if admitted, Turkey will be the second country in population after Germany. According to birth rate projections by 2020 it would surpass Germany in population[7]. The latter prediction means that Turkey would have most delegates in the European parliament resulting in the paradox that the most unrepresentative country for the union would have most seats in its parliament. Another major problem associated with Turkeys population is emigration. With many Western European countries having a substantial Turkish minorities already, the admission of Turkey would mean opening the floodgates to further immigration from a large and poor country[8]. This perspective poses several problems: first, the cheap labor that would flow from Turkey would undermine the employment of native Europeans; second, the problem of the integration of the Turkish minorities, present nowadays, will be invigorated further; and last but not least the previous two will further fuel the already present in many countries antagonism against the Turks[9]. Those are the most obvious problems that emigration from an EU Turkey will bring. However, since Turkey is nothing like the rest of the members in many aspects, there might be other, not so evident problems that might arise with the flow of Turks in the EU countries. Economical and political aspects The countrys economical state, even with its positive GDP growth rates[10] is still falling behind in comparison to most EU member states. In fact, according to Pevehouse and Goldstein, if admitted Turkey would be the poorest state in the organization, even if the newest members from East Europe are taken into consideration[11]. Moreover, Turkey has very high debt to income ratio, twice as high as any other member[12], which indicates that big part of the income of the population goes to paying debts, instead of on covering costs of living. In political aspect, the emerging tensions between secularists and the Islamic government might have implications for the EU. The Turkish government is currently investigating Ergenekon, which according to prosecutors has committed dozens of terrorist acts and ultimately sought to topple Turkeys Islamic-inspired government.[13] The secularists, however, have their own point of view on the matter. According to Aysel Celikel, former justice minister, Egrenekon has become a larger project in which the investigation is being used as a tool to sweep across civic society and cleanse Turkey of all secular opponents[14]. With the political situation growing more unstable, there is ground for the radicalization of both sides. This should be a warning sign for the European Union that Turkey may not have the political steadiness to join the bloc. Also Turkeys unsatisfactory policy towards its Kurdish minority and the conflict of Cyprus indicate that it is not suitable for membership in the uni on. Cultural aspect and public opinion Apart from the more tangible characteristics of Turkey and the European Union, the massive gap between their cultural identities is a significant reason why Turkey does not belong in the organization. According to a 2006 Eurobarometer a clear majority of about 60% support the view that Turkeys cultural differences with those of EU members are so large as to impede its membership[15]. The fact is, that what makes the EU what it is, beside its economical and political aspects, is the common European identity of its members. Turkey does not fit this profile. As member of the Prodis European Commission Franz Fischler put it: Turkey is a sui generis society, far more oriental than European[16]. Turkeys double standard in human rights reflects its different values. Turkey is a member of the Organization of the Islamic conference (OIC), which on the 5 of August adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDRHI)[17], a document based on the Shariah law. It can be seen as an equivalent to the UN Declaration on Human Rights (UNDHR). However, there are some significant inconsistencies between the UNDHR and the CDRHI, especially in rights of women, right to expression and education and freedom of religion[18]. The drafting of the CDHRI creates a double standard by implying that rights of Muslims are incompatible with the concept of human rights embodied in the UNDHR. The CDRHI implicitly promotes the division between Muslims and people of other religions. As a member of the OIC, Turkey does not belong to the European Union, that adheres to the UNDHR. The view that Turkey is not European is also supported by the overwhelming opposition to Turkeys admission. According to the results from the latest Eurobarometer conducted in spring 2008, in the EU 27 bloc only 31 per cents of the respondents agree, and 55 per cent disagree[19] with the integration of Turkey, making it the least supported country. Moreover, Turkey is the candidate with most steady opposition compared to other previous applicants, as evident from the results from four consecutive Eurobarometer surveys from 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002[20]. Resistance to Turkey varies around 47-48%, whereas the country that is second in opposition, Romania has a result around 42-43%[21]. The strong opposition against Turkeys membership is a clear sign that Europeans do not want it in the EU, and in the event of a referendum on the matter, the public opinion might be the only thing that would ultimately block Turkeys integration. What is even more interesting is that support for the membership in Turkey itself is dropping compared to previous years. A study of the German Marshall Fund indicates that the ratio of Turks who see membership in the EU as a good thing fell from 73 percent in 2004 to 54 percent in 2006 [22]. In 2008, the support is even lower below 50 per cent[23]. It turns out that Turk majority is also against the integration of Turkey. Conclusion In conclusion, Turkey should not be accepted in the European Union, because its values in regard to human rights are incompatible with those of the bloc. The cultural gap between Europe and Turkey is undeniable. Moreover, public opinion marks the strongest opposition against Turkey compared to other applicants. Turkeys territorial location vast population, its economic and political situation will bring more problems than benefits. www.ec.europa.eu/enlargement/candidate-countries/index_en.htm www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/eu-turkey-relations Ibid. Ibid. www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/turkey-europe-acknowledging-reality www.oecd.org, OECD statistical profile, Turkey www.oecd.org, OECD population projections 2009-2020, data for Turkey and Germany compared Joshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse, International Relations (New York: Longman, 2009), 238 See outcomes of Eurobarometers further in the text www.oecd.org, OECD statistical profile, Turkey Joshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse, International Relations (New York: Longman, 2009), 238 Ibid. Dan Bilefsky. Subversion trial haunts Turkey; Vast case defines division between secularists and Muslim-inspired party. The International Herald Tribune. 13 Nov 2009 Ibid Standard Eurobarometer 66. National Report: Executive Summary: Turkey. European Commission. Fall 2006, p. 4. Senem Aydin Duzgit. Seeking Kant in the EUs relations with Turkey. (Istanbul: TESEV Publications), 4. www.oci-oci.org Comparison between the UNDHR and CDHRI. Standard Eurobarometer 69. Values of Europeans, Questions QA44.8 QA 44.12. European Commission, November 2008. Lauren McLaren. Explaining opposition to Turkish membership of the EU. European Union Politics (Sage publications, 2007), 253. Ibid. http://www.transatlantictrends.org/trends/doc/2006_english_key.pdf http://www.transatlantictrends.org/trends/doc/2008_english_key.pdf

Exploration of the Brain in Emily Dickinsons Poem 670 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 670 Essays

Exploration of the Brain in Emily Dickinson's Poem 670 The brain is one of the most complex organs of the entire human body. How many people over the course of time have explored and tried to explain the brain? Even with millions of peoples' opinions of how the brain works, we still do not understand the most intrinsic parts of it. The tricky part is the subconscious. We are able to hide things, even from ourselves, for years. How is it that we can bury so much information that becomes so hard to find? Emily Dickinson understood this concept. She did not understand the way the brain works, perhaps, but without a doubt she did understand that it is able to conceal things from ourselves. "The brain has Corridors-surpassing Material place" (3-4). Surpassing all material things, the brain is past those things. Within the corridors are heaps of information that we sometimes even become unaware of. Something has to be a trigger, to set off a specific corridor in order to bring that information back to mind. Many times this is proven when a person whom has endured abuse as a child is counseled. Psychiatrists have to probe deep into those corridors to retrieve information that the child has willingly or subconsciously buried. So, why was Dickinson so interested in these corridors? Perhaps she was dealing with something of her past and during that time realized how hard it is to retrieve things sometimes. Perhaps she was counseling a close friend or family member and wrote this as a result of that. Perhaps she was studying the brain and became interested in doing research. Perhaps none of these things were the case with Dickinson. Whatever her reason, the poem shows much thought. We go on to read that any ghost meeting at midnight is safer than probing into that abyss called the mind. Why is it so unsafe? Well, what kind of things do we bury deep into our minds? Normally, they are things that we want to forget, painful memories, and embarrassing experiences. Those things can definitely be considered dangerous. If they were not dangerous, why would we bury them in the first place? To illustrate this point, I am going to tell you a story. I am the child of an alcoholic father. I have always lived under dangerous circumstances, and because of this, I have chosen to forget much of my childhood.

The Life of Oscar Wilde Essay -- Biographies

The Life of Oscar Wilde The year is 1884 and many things have taken place in the life of our literary giant, Oscar Wilde has been married years and his touring of the United States and other countries have shown his of success in his writing all over the literary world. Some of his most recent writtings are "The Picture of Dorian Gray"(1891), "A Woman of No Importance"(1894) and his most resent essay known as "The Decay of Lying" is Oscar’s story of his outrage about the current style of writing that is going into the art society. What has happened to the spectacularness of this art, it has come down to being as horrid as what is being published in the local newspapers. Is it true that " The Decay of Lying" has fallen to its deepest shadow of shame? It seems that in the words of Oscar Wilde, that is the shameful truth. How could this type of atrocity take place. It seems that the Victorian society in still under the belief that the Romanticism of life is still coursing through their veins, dead veins to be more specific. Wilde's views romanticism as a crude, childish and yet passive thing of the past and that it should remain there in the past. The romantics ideas of nature and realism need to be brought up-to-date. Wilde has criticized the likes of as Wordsworth and other writers of the Romantic Era, they would send us out to nature and say "The solutions to societies problems and can best be remedied out here, within the confines of nature, this is where you need to be. Walking, talking, being out in the great airy open and embrace what nature has to offer. Only here can you expect to amend and resolve any personal and troublesome problems." Wilde's interpretation of this remedy: outlandish, extreme and insane, society has e... ...t about a man, his character, morals and beliefs as a whole. At this moment, Jack becomes distressed about this problem his lady love had let him know that she could never marry a man that has the name other than Earnest. As a result of this occurrence our main character find that he must be christen with the name of Earnest in order for Gwendolyn to consider him as a husband. This situation is one of many that Wilde has created as a form of lying. When this play was first, performed and seen, people were outraged at this type of story. Wilde continues to explain in more plays, poems and other forms of writing that his plays and other forms of writing are just to be observed as entertainment. His goal was not to be a moralist and instill morals for the masses. That was the furthest thing from his mind, Wilde intent is to create art that is for what it is Art’s sake.